Category Archives: A Writing Life

104. Mud 3

Here are the last two of six installments of the novel Mud.

Could I walk away from Renth a thousand miles, and become fully a man? And if I died trying, how much worse could that be? There was nothing to tie me to Renth. My last sibling had died of the cough, I never knew my father, and my mother was a walking skeleton who would not last much longer.

I would become a warrior, secretly. I would train my body. I would find a hiding place in the swamp where no one would see me and practice at arms as I has seen the warrors do.

It was not easy, and it did not procede quickly. At twelve, I was responsible for a full day of work every day, in the streets night and morning, in the fields most days, and cleaning out my master’s cesspit every third day. Chamarana are not slaves, exactly, but the difference from a slave’s point of view, or a Chamarana’s point of view, would be too small to notice. It took weeks of time snatched from sleep to find a clearing in the swamp that was far enough away to be hidden but close enough to reach quickly when I could find a free hour.

My body responded slowly. I was young and strong, but to become stronger requires effort, and effort requires food. A hungry warrior is a weak warrior, and I was hungry all the time. I could not steal food from non-Chamaranas – for a Chamarana to touch food that has been blessed by a priest after leaving the fields where the Chamarana grew it would pollute the food. That affront to the dignity of non-Chamaranas was punishable by death.

I was too proud to steal from my fellow slaves.

——————–

I learned to hold a wooden sword as I had seen warriors in the common. I learned to swing it; then I weighted it, to be more like a sword of steel. My forearms screamed in pain. I sweated, and panted for breath, and at times fell to my knees too exhausted to rise.

I vented my anger on unoffending reeds and on the knotted limbs of the rybhal tree. I learned of the shock to the joints that comes with every blow. Then I would stagger back to my sleeping rags under a tree on the Renthian side of the Renal. The next morning I would force myself awake and go through my day’s work with gritted teeth, unwilling to show any sign exhaustion.

Three years passed and I had gained some skill when I was discovered.

*****

Here the story ends, for now. Unlike Voices in the Wall, over in Serial, I can’t tell you what will happen next because I don’t know.

Some stories come from the head, some from the heart. This one came from the gut. I only feel what will happen, I do not know. I have ten single spaced pages of notes which may become an outline, but I don’t know yet which of several paths the novel will take.

If that seems strange to you, so be it. It is part of the reason it takes me so long to write a novel.
Monday, some silliness after six weeks of serious posts.

103. Mud 2

Here are the second two of six installments of the novel Mud.

Merchants never came to the common; the diversions of that place were beneath their station, but their soldiers, herdsmen, clerks, and servants flocked there every evening to take their crude and colorful pleasures. A grown Chamarana would be beaten if found there, except after midnight when they went to clean the grounds, but Chamarana children hung from the trees and hid in the bushes to watch the excitement.

Mostly, I watched the women.

I could always look at Chamarana women, working, always working, in their thin, torn clothing, washing themselves naked in the Renal, or relieving themselves in the bushes. There was no part of a woman’s body that was not familiar to me.

This was different. These women were soft and rounded. Their breasts were not flat. They were clean, powdered, and perfumed. They were beautiful; more important, they knew they were beautiful, and showed that knowledge in every graceful movement. They walked across the common, swaying their hips with a half-smile that said, “I know you are looking. Go ahead. Enjoy.” It was a pleasure to watch them walk. It was a burning torch in the heart to watch from concealment as they shed their clothing and opened their legs to their lovers.

As a child, I could look. If one of the men caught me they would kick me and laugh and let me run away. But in a year or so, when I was just a little older, they would beat me unconscious for daring to look at a woman who was not a Chamarana. So I looked, and looked, and then looked again.

——————–

When I was surfeit with watching the women, I would watch the warriors at play. It was practice, of course, with blunted weapons. Often enough it left them bruised and bloodied, but they enjoyed themseves so hugely, that it looked like play to me. And why not? They were powerful men, with bulging thighs and masses of muscle in their arms and shoulders. Their bodies spoke of plenty of exercise, plenty of food, and plenty of rest. Our lean, slat-like Chamarana bodies spoke of little food, unending work, and rest that rarely came.

If I had a body like that, I thought, I could have women like that. But it wasn’t true, because I was Chamarana.

If I weren’t Chamarana . . . but that was a dream that couldn’t even be dreamed.

3

In the summer of my twelfth year I quit going to the common. I had been beaten twice in one month, and the second beating had left me unable to move for three days. Clearly, I had grown too old to be tolerated there.

Never again to look upon a beautiful woman – it was too much to bear.

The world is wide, and only Renth has Chamarana. I had heard this from the mouths of foreign sailors in the common, when I was young enough to listen from hiding. If I were a sailor, I could sail away. If I were a warrior, I could ride away. But I was Chamarana, and all I could do was carry away the waste too foul for a man to touch, grow food for others to eat, become leaner every year, and die.

102. Mud 1

Here are the first two of six installments of the novel Mud.

1

They call me Mud, but don’t be fooled. It is a greater insult than it seems.

The word is Wauk and its symbol is embossed on one of the counters of the runeboard. As it is from the Godtongue, it has entered every language. In the Inner Kingdom, so a traveler once told me, it means the basic stuff from which all the world is made. Not so in my city.

In Renth, mud is that stuff into which all foul things come to rest. Blood and feces, urine and menses, all come back to the earth at last. A Renthian merchant will not say the words for those things – he hardly admits that his body produces them – and so he says wauk, thus staining a good word.

My people are Renthian, but outcasts. We are the Chamarana, who live in the swamp, and carry away those unpleasant things that the nobles will not speak of. I was born in the mud and of the mud. The smell of the mud was the first thing in my nostrils. My mother smelled of mud; most of my siblings died of the mud’s contagion.

The Chamarana breed freely and die early. It is a joke to the merchants. But those of us who survive, grow strong. And angry.

——————–

2

The river Renal curves sharply just as it nears the Inner Sea. Renth is built on the high right bank between the river and the sea. Overflowing waters in spring cover the lowlands off the left bank, forming a vast inland swamp. We Chamarana live at the edge of the swamp, and enter Renth only to do our work.

Every morning the tichan are driven out of their pens down the main avenue of the town to the swamp to graze. Every night they return to the safety of the pens, and twice a day we Chamarana with our crusted buckets and wooden scoops go out to clean the road after their passing. Dumped onto the fields at the edge of the swamp, and composted carefully into the stronger waste from the merchants cesspools, it fertilizes the crops we raise to feed Chamrana and merchant alike.

When I was five years old, I was given a scooop and put to work alongside my mother. When I was eight, and could lift a bucket, I began to work alone. But no one works the day round, not even a Chamarana. My mother had only enough energy for her work and to care for my little sister. She had none left for me, so I was free when my work ended to head for the common.

The land which stood above the highest floods was packed tight with warehouses, dwellings, barracks, and shops belonging to the merchants. On the land which flooded yearly, we planted our crops. Above the fields, we built our temporary huts, and rebuilt them every time the Renal rose higher than ususal. Between merchant’s houses and Chamarana huts lay the common.
more tomorrow

101. Mud, prolog

“A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds.” Ralph Waldo Emerson

I don’t claim to be an Emerson, but I am going to shake things up. When I began this website, I intended Serial to be a presentation of my writings and A Writing Life to be mini-essays. This will be my largest deviation from that intention, because Serial is tied up with the fragment Voices in the Walls.

For five weeks I have been writing posts on issues that began with race in America and morphed into a consideration of world wide hierarchies based on race, gender and caste. I’ve written enough essays on that subject, but I have some more fiction to share.

I spent five years studying caste in India and overseas Indian colonies, and wrote my first master’s thesis on the subject. That is the kind of deep knowledge that informs everything I write, even when the subject seems to be something else. While writing a dragon short story (The Best of Lies), I needed a description of the city of Renth. Renth was part of the back-story of three novels I have written, but had never been fleshed out. This is what fell out of my keyboard.

As we went on up the mountain, I thought of Renth. I remembered how she spread out on both sides of River Renal from the crowded waterfront to the first fingers of the great inland swamp. I remembered how herdsmen drove in their herds of tichan every evening to keep them from the night predators. All of the sidewalk vendors would close up shop and congregate on the rooftops until the sound of passing-bells carried by the herdsmen proclaimed the streets safe again. Then the chamarana would come out with their crusted baskets to clean the streets and haul the manure to fertilize their rich gardens.

There are temples in Renth where Encaritremanta is still worshipped instead of the bloodless Septs, and where the ritual dancers proclaim to the world that the Fern of the Deep Forest is still fertile and ripe. There is Bread Street where the bakers from the whole city congregate and the smells are sweet beyond description.

In the morning, the sun falls slantwise on the whitewashed houses, catching the sleepy merchants in their rooftop boudoirs. The boys from the waterfront crowd onto the high roofed warehouses to look across the city at first light when the women take their baths. And some of them look back, insolent and insulated by their station, posturing and laughing and waving.

The chamarana in this bit were Chamars, borrowed whole from India. Later, when I needed a long story to flesh out a too-short novel, and needed it to be set in Renth, I began to consider writing from the viewpoint of one of these outcastes.

This was just before I began this website, when everything was fluid. I considered writing the story and publishing it in short segments as they were written, in Serial. It was a foolish idea, completely out of step with my writing style. I wrote the first six short segments, fell in love with the story, and decided to write it in a more normal fashion. It is on my short list of what-to-write-next.

Here are those segments, to be presented two per day for the rest of the week. It isn’t Black History, but you’ll find that it tastes a little like black history. The novel is tentatively titled Mud.

100. We Hold These Truths (post 2)

.  .  .   that all men are created equal  .  .  .

I studied Indian culture for five years and wrote my first master’s thesis on caste based economics. Five years wasn’t enough time to scratch the surface of the complexity of the subject, so anything I say here is a tweet when an encyclopedia is needed.

During the time of my studies, the 60s and 70s, academics were calling black-white relations here at home an American caste system. To see how the differences outweigh the similarities, let’s look as some of the characteristics of caste (jati) in India:

  • Jati groups are exclusive. You can’t join them and you can’t leave them.
  • Jati groups are arranged in a hierarchy.
  • You enter your group at birth and exit it at death. An individual cannot move from one group to another.
  • Upper groups are pure, lower groups are polluted (ritually, don’t look for germ theory in a millennia old culture)

You can see that the first two characteristics fit pre-Civil Rights America. The third fits America except for passing, which was seen as an aberration. We will never know how much it was a norm.

The last characteristic is hugely different between the two cultures, but not absent in America. When I was young, I was told, “If you are ever in a swimming pool and a n—– gets in, get out immediately because they all have V.D..” I didn’t believe it, even then, but you can see how the idea that they are dirty and shouldn’t be touched would reinforce the idea of segregation.

Dirty Jew would have fit well into the two race system of Nazi Germany, as well.

Nevertheless, the caste system in India is overwhelmingly complex. Once you get past the surface, similarities to race are swamped in a myriad of differences. Caste is a bad metaphor for the American situation.

*****

I want to share one caste-race sidelight. There was a massive immigration of Indian workers from the Calcutta and Madras areas to Trinidad, ironically to replace recently freed black slaves who refused to go back the the cane fields as paid workers. When the immigrants were removed from local scrutiny in India, everybody passed for a higher jati; at least that was the belief of the immigrants after they arrived in Trinidad. It was while studying this phenomenon I came across the folk caution:   Beware of the black Brahmin and the pale Chamar.

Two points: When the control from above was removed, hierarchy collapsed. And, even though the racial component of caste is highly attenuated, light-is-good and dark-is-bad still retains a toehold in the conversation.

*****

And now we have come full circle. I began this series of posts by explaining why a white science fiction and fantasy author has an interest in race. Now we return to my novels, which is the original reason for this website. In Serial, the fragment Voices in the Walls is still underway, portraying a young white southerner’s struggle against his own racism. Elsewhere, I am working on the fourth novel in the Menhir series, tentatively titled Mud, which tells the story of a young outcaste fighting to escape his lowly status in the fantasy city of Renth.

Everything that ever happens to a writer is grist for the mill.

I’ll leave you with a riddle:

Question: How many painters does it take to make a masterpiece?
Answer: Two. One to paint, and one to tell him when to quit.

These last five weeks of posts won’t constitute a masterpiece, but it is time to quit. Except for this:  next week I will post here the opening of the novel Mud.

99. We Hold These Truths (post 1)

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.

Thomas Jefferson said it, but he didn’t believe it. Ask Sally Hemmings, if you think he did.

Jefferson was ahead of his time, but not far enough ahead to resist the pressures to retain his slaves. The French Revolution was so far ahead of history that it ended in dictatorship under Bonaparte. Lincoln was certainly ahead of his time; he freed the slaves, but he could not give them lasting equality.

Throughout human history, human culture has been a repudiation of the idea of equality.

*****

If I were black, my whole approach to life would be different. As a sympathetic white guy, I am angry at the stupidities of race in America. If I were a young black man, I would be pissed. My viewpoint and priorities would different. After all, its hard to remember that you’re trying to drain the swamp when you’re up to your ass in alligators.

As a white guy, the alligators aren’t trying to eat me, so I can see beyond them. But all I see is swamp.

*****

Hierarchy. It was invented by winners to keep the losers losing. It means “I’m better than you are.” No one ever said, “You’re better than I am”, and meant it.

Race is a handy way of keeping track of who’s supposed to be better than whom. It’s helpful it there is a strong physical dissimilarity between the winners and those who are forced to lose, but it isn’t necessary. In America, a white-looking black is still a black. In Japan, the situation is even worse.

There is a “race” of people in Japan which used to be called the Eta. Now that word has fallen into disrepute and they are called Burakumin. They are utterly indistinguishable from “normal” Japanese, yet they were, and often still are, considered untouchables and subject to powerful discrimination.

Of course things are better among native peoples who have not been damaged by civilization, right? Try reading The Tiwi of North Australia if you think that, or let me tell you about them. Women are controlled by men through arranged marriages. The old men have power, which translates as first choice. Young women are married to old men. Young men are pretty well restricted to marrying old women who have become widows. They will get young women later, when they have grown old and powerful. Does that sound like a fun way to live, for men or women?

In many traditional Muslim countries, the rights of men are many and the rights of women are few. For late breaking examples, see any television, any day.

Nothing is further from equality than a caste system.

If you seek the origin of the word caste, you will find that it is Portuguese, not Sanskrit. Roughly, it means color; the Portuguese who founded a colony at Goa on India’s west coast used their word to apply to the Indian notion of varna, and gave us all a word with new connotations.

In the 60s and 70s, some academics were calling black-white relations here at home an American caste system. There are similarities, but the Indian situation is far more complex.          We’ll look more closely at that idea tomorrow.

98. Black, White, Aryan, Jew

Race. In America, it means black and white. I have spent the last few weeks arguing that race in America is a construct. We all partake of the same gene pool, varying only in the amount of various genes we possess. Take the whitest non-albino; put him on one end of the line. Take the blackest black and put him on the other. Assemble the millions of us who are not recent immigrants from elsewhere and put us in between. There would be no break in the gradation.

Nevertheless, race is still here, so embedded in our national consciousness that the truth of our unity is swamped by the voice in our heads screaming, “I don’t care. Blacks are still blacks, and whites are still whites!”

This kind of confusion about basic reality leads to tragedy, and not only in America. Try this sentence:

In the days of the Third Reich, Germans persecuted Jews.

If this sentence sounds accurate, you are missing a few points. The Jews who were sent to the death camps were largely Germans. I am sure that was no comfort to them, and it isn’t the most salient fact about the situation. But it is important. If we put a wrong label on something, it makes it hard to think clearly about that thing. This process is still going on, as today’s politicians turn complexities into sound bites.

Hitler offered simplified and false solutions to real problems, based on the idea that there was a German race and a Jewish race. Jewish is not a race. It is a religion, and sometimes an ethnic group.

German is not a race. It is a language, and it is shared by several countries other than Germany. Germanism is also an attempt by the late-formed country of Germany to find national unity in a semi-mythical past.

Aryan is not a race. If you say Aryan in today’s world, it will evoke Hitler’s movement to elevate his blonde, blue-eyed “super race” to world supremacy. That super race is a myth made up of equal parts hatred and scientific misunderstanding.

The term Aryan originates in northern India, 3500 years ago. It refers to the “light skinned” conquerors who drove out or enslaved the dark skinned native population. The word Iranian is a modern variant of the word Aryan. As for the “light skinned” conquerors, think Koothrappali from the Big Bang Theory. They were light skinned only compared to the people they conquered.

Hitler should be rolling over in his grave at the thought, but he got his information third hand.

It started with Max Muller, a German born-scholar who spent his career at Oxford. Linguists of his day discovered the link between the languages of Europe and South Asia, and developed the notion of an Indo-European language family. They believed this family of languages originated in the southwestern steppes of Russia, and was introduced into South Asia through the Aryan invaders. Muller was a strong proponent of Aryan culture, considering it one of the greatest developments of mankind. By Aryan, he meant the culture of India. After others had misrepresented his ideas, he clarified that Aryan culture did not imply an Aryan race.

As time passed, proponents of European superiority such as Arthur de Gobineau moved the origin place of the Indo-European language family to northern Europe, confused current notions of race (such as Nordic, Alpine, and Mediterranean) with the linguistic and cultural classification Aryan. They “invented” the Aryan race, which they considered to be light skinned in the European sense, the originators of civilization, and superior to all others. The caramel skinned invaders of India had been thoroughly whitewashed.

The last member of this trio is Huston Stewart Chamberlain, born in England, raised in France, and ending his life in Germany, converted to German superiority by Wagner’s music. He wrote the Foundations of the Nineteenth Century, in which he saw the history of the world entirely in terms of conflict between the Aryan and Jewish races. It became a bible of Nazism, and Chamberlain became a mentor to Hitler.

Labels like Jew and Aryan matter, just as labels like black and white matter in America. A “Jew” in Nazi Germany might be a Zionist extremist who believed that God chose his people and would smite all his enemies, or a modernistic atheist who had repudiated his Jewish ancestors, or some poor schmuck who just got misidentified. It would all be the same in Auschwitz.

And the Aryans that Hitler believed in, didn’t exist at all.

97. Truman, Eisenhower, and one other

Once again it is Presidents Day. We used to celebrate Washington’s birthday and Lincoln’s birthday, but now we lump them together and throw the other forty-two Presidents in for good measure.

Not all of them deserve to be remembered, but Truman and Eisenhower do, especially during Black History Month.

No, I didn’t forget President O’bama, but he’ll get his share of acknowledgment. So will President Kennedy. Maybe even President Johnson; Lyndon Johnson, that is. Andrew Johnson is all but forgotten, despite the fact that he was impeached for trying to continue Lincoln’s policies.

Not many people remember what Truman and Eisenhower did for African-Americans. Mind you, we are talking about the fifties. Neither president was particularly pro-Black, and neither would have marched in Selma, but their actions, whatever their motivation, moved the cause of Civil Rights forward.

In July of 1948, Truman issued Executive Order 9981 which abolished racial discrimination in the United States Armed Forces. Like Lincoln before him he was able to do things as Commander in Chief that would never have passed in Congress.

Need I add that practical necessity was a driving force in the action, along with pressure from civil rights leaders who did care about the plight of blacks? And need I add that the white military was not thrilled? Kenneth Claiborne Royall was forced to retire as Secretary of the Army after he spent a year trying to block execution of Truman’s order.

Most of the desegregation of the Army took place on President Eisenhower’s watch. So did the early Civil Rights movement. Eisenhower was in favor of equality under the law, but sympathetic to the feelings of the white South. That made him a centrist in the 50s, but leaves him completely out of the conversation today. That’s unfortunate.

After Brown v. Board of Education, Arkansas’ Governor Faubus deployed National guard troops to keep black students out of LIttle Rock’s Central High School. Eisenhower convinced him to stand down. Then Faubus withdrew the National Guard and left the black students at the mercy of the mob. Eisenhower sent in federal troops to protect them and forcibly integrate the school. It made him no friends, but it was his duty to enforce the rulings of the Supreme Court. He did his duty, and set the stage for the integrations of schools across the South.

*****

As a student of history and a citizen sympathetic to the civil rights movement, I knew all this before I started to write. As an honest scholar, I did the research necessary to freshen my memory and get the names, dates, and places right.

Everywhere I turned in my research, another name kept coming up – Philip Randolph. There is a story behind the story, and one I’m not ready to tell. After all, I just discovered Randolph, and my knowledge of him is sketchy. Nevertheless, here are the bare bones.

In 1917 Randolph founded the black rights magazine Messenger. Through the 30s and 40s he organized black workers in labor unions. In 1941, he planned a massive march on Washington for access to defense employment, pressuring President Roosevelt into Executive Order 8802, the Fair Employment Act. Through the rest of the 40s he brought increasing pressure on the Federal government for desegregation, resulting in Truman’s Executive Order 9981. He formed an alliance with Dr. King in 1957, and was instrumental in bringing about the March on Washington in 1963, where Dr. King gave his I have a dream speech.

Here is a man who has just jumped to the top of my list of people I need to know more about.

96. Ancestors?

I have a grandfather Logsdon, a grandfather Harvey, a grandmother Patterson, and another grandmother who was a bit of a black sheep. Her name was “Per-vet”; that is how I’ve heard it pronounced, but I never met her and I’ve never seen it written down.

According to a document sent to me as junk mail by a company which wanted to sell me a plaque, Logsdon is an English name, derived from Longsdown, meaning a long hill. Harvey is pretty certain to be English. Patterson is supposed to be Irish, by one authority, and Scotch-Irish according to another. History will tell you that the Scotch-Irish were just Scots who went to colonize Ireland. I strongly suspect that “Per-vet”, if seen written down, would be spelled funny and would be French.

So we see that a cursory glance says I am one-half English, one fourth French, and one fourth either Scots or Irish or both. But how reliable is that?

Not very. Let’s take the name of one of my grandparents and play with the possibilities it offers. A hypothetical fellow named Patterson, from Patterson Holler, deep in Appalachia, where there are a hundred families all inter-related back nine generations, is probably safe in concluding that he is Scotch-Irish.

However, another man named Paterson(1) comes straight to America from Belfast and marries a woman named Smith. His son, Patterson(2) marries a woman named Jones, his son Patterson(3) marries a woman named Wilson, his son Patterson(4) marries a woman named Harlan. Their son, Patterson(5), will have one-sixteenth of his genetic heritage from Patterson(1). His name will be Patterson, but should we call him Scotch-Irish?

Should we call him he Scotch-Irish if the young women named Smith, Jones, Wilson, and Harlan were all visibly black women?

*****

Like everyone else, I’ve seen the PBS program Finding Your Roots. The team behind the scenes is impressive, but no matter how good you are in genealogy, history, or biography, there is always a limit to certainty. Documentary evidence is always suspect. People lie, clerks transpose names, and harried bureaucrats write down what they think to be true because they have to write down something. Those in charge of data are people in power, and axes get ground. The stories unearthed are sometimes fascinating, but let’s remember to take them with at least a grain of salt.

*****

Then we have Ancestry.com. I have no intention of criticizing their work, but their advertisements deserve a kick in the ribs.

We’ve all seen the one about the black woman with ancestry from Ghana. Lets assume that she did have an ancestor from Ghana (an assumption we make without accepting the very shaky hypothesis that genealogists can determine such a thing from a DNA sample) and that her ancestor arrived in America about 1800. That is nine generations ago. Our subject would have 256 great great great great great great great grand parents in that generation. That one of them was from Ghana tells us next to nothing. The other 255 ancestors were probably from all over Africa and Europe – just like my ancestors and yours.

There is the another ad where a white American who has believed that he is Scottish discovers after a DNA test that he is actually German. He has to trade his kilt for lederhosen.

Cute, but this holds about as much water as cheesecloth. What is it to be a German? Germany only became a country about a hundred-fifty years ago, and its borders have fluctuated widely since then.

Hitler notwithstanding, there are no genetic Germans, just folks who happen to live in a particular part of Europe, during a narrow range of years, speaking a particular language. These things leave no trace in the DNA.

Searching for ancestors can be an exercise lubricated by snake oil. While there’s nothing wrong with a little fantasy, it can lead to blindness. When I was young, everybody bragged about their lost Cherokee ancestors. Nobody bragged about their lost Black ones.

95. Literature of Passing

When I was very young, I learned a lot from things that weren’t openly said. Not that anyone was shy about their opinions on race, but they didn’t talk much about sex, and the two subjects seemed joined at the hip.

I someone was having a baby, and there was some doubt about who the father was, someone would mention that there was a nigger in the woodpile. Even if the father was white and known, there was a racial subtext.

I rarely saw any black people, but there was one woman we saw occasionally in Claremore whose arms were mottled brown and pale. I heard my parents say, “That’s what happens when you mix the races,” with the silent implication of God’s disapproval.

At the drive-in one evening, we saw the theatrical trailer for Imitation of Life while waiting for another movie to begin. I was only seven or eight and it didn’t make any sense to me, but my parents looked knowingly at each other and I knew that there was something sexual and forbidden in the dark skinned girl’s passing – whatever that was.

Thirty years later I read what Mark Twain said about how his book Huckleberry Finn was doing. He said, “I feel like the lady felt when the child came out white.”(see post 90.) How interesting that the lady was worried. To put it bluntly, had she been fooling around with someone black, or was she worried that some ancestor had, and that the genes would show themselves?

Everybody knows that most American blacks are partly white, even though it is no longer politically correct to say so. Everybody should know that most American “whites” are at least slightly black, because of blacks who have passed into the “white” gene pool throughout our country’s history. Mark Twain apparently knew it, but the “white” half of our common race has been trying for four hundred years to convince themselves it just isn’t so.

Or at least that it shouldn’t be so.

I have to admit that I hadn’t thought of Imitation of Life since childhood, and had to look it up on the internet. I must have seen the trailer for the 1959 remake, but in both movies the light skinned black girl who passed for white came to a bad end, drove her saintly black mother to an early death, and repented in tears at her mother’s funeral that she had been passing.

Yeah. Right. Sure. Doesn’t that sound a lot like a movie made by white folks to show to other white folks?

Passing is a novel by Nella Larsen, published in 1929. It treats the subject of passing seriously and has been accepted as a classic by literary scholars. I have to admit that it has been sitting on my to-read shelf for about a year and I am reporting on it from research. If it seems racist that I have not gotten to it yet, you need to know that my to-read shelf is groaning under the weight of books by authors of all creeds and colors. Blogging is incredibly time consuming, so the shelf keeps growing.

I have read Pudd’nhead Wilson, 1894, Mark Twain’s last novel.  In it a black slave woman is given a white infant to nurture. She has only recently had a child of her own, who is seven-eights white. By coincidence (shades of Prince and the Pauper) she looks at the two of them side by side and they are identical. Thinking of the beautiful life that lies in store for the “white” baby and the horrors that lie in store for her “black” child, she switches them.

Need I say that things go badly after that? At the end of a long and angry life, Twain wrote Pudd’nhead with vicious dark humor. Raised to the privileged life of a slave owner, the passing “black” grows up to be an unmitigated villain, and the unwillingly and unknowingly passing “white” grows up as a battered and passive embodiment of slave mentality.

Critics call Pudd’nhead Wilson unreadable. I did not find it so, but then critics need something to complain about. I did find it tangled and unpleasant. I don’t recommend that you read it for pleasure, but I suggest you take this away from it—

In 1894, Mark Twain knew that there were a lot of blacks who looked white. He knew that passing would be easy to accomplish. Twenty years later there was a massive migration of blacks to the cities in the north where, unlike the small towns and villages from which they came, they would be anonymous. In America, in the early twentieth century, it was easier to live white than to live black.

You do the math.