Category Archives: A Writing Life

94. We Are All Passing

Is anyone so comfortable in his own skin that he never fears exposure?

How many preachers shout hallelujah at the top of their lungs to cover their own nagging doubts? How many ministers comfort the bereaved while their hearts are burned out from sharing too much grief?

How many businessmen brag about their accomplishments to silence the small voice whispering in their ear that it will all come crashing down?

How many part-Asians or part-Hispanics write white on the census, then feel guilty for betraying a part of their heritage?

How many husbands and wives say “I love you,” while a voice inside adds, “I did, and I should, but I’m just not sure any more.”

Passing isn’t just about race, but if it were, it would not be just about white and black. In Japan, Burakumin hide their origins. In India they say, “Beware the black Brahmin and the pale Chamar,” for people have been fighting to escape caste identity ever since caste was invented.

Gays know a lot about passing, too, although their phrase for it is “in the closet”.

I was once “in the closet”, a very peculiar closet, and I passed for two and a half years. Not a gay closet, but a religious one. That experience is another reason a white science fiction writer has such an interest in race. I know first hand the fear of exposure that passing brings on.

Until I was just shy of sixteen, I was a straight-laced, Bible toting, young Baptist. I believed what I had been taught, despite normal adolescent doubts, and I was reasonably sure of a trip to Heaven when I died. Then, in a flash of insight, all those doubts came together and in one instant, all belief fled. One moment I was a Christian; the next moment I was an atheist. I never asked for it; I never wanted it; but there it was. Like Saul on his way to Damascus, struck down by a total change of life – only in the other direction.

I was afraid of what had happened to me, but I was even more afraid to tell anyone about it. My father was a deacon and lay minister, good natured and fun loving except where religion was concerned. In that regard, he was God-struck into inflexibility.

I feared him, with a fear that made me mute when confronted by his disapproval.

The fear was unjustified. Years later I came to realize that he hid behind certainty to disguise his own fears.

Unjustified or not, the fears were real, so for two and a half years I lived inside myself and confided in no one. I went to church three times a week, I sang hymns, I read my bible, I prayed aloud when called on. I fully lived the lie, and no one doubted me. I passed, successfully, but at an emotional cost that I wouldn’t wish on anyone.

In 1967, on the way to Michigan and college, I vowed to never lie again. No doubt, that is why I’m a writer; I’m still trying to tell the stories I couldn’t tell before. It’s also why my long suffering friends probably know more about me than they ever really wanted to know.

In these last weeks I have spoken often about black people passing for white and turning us all into one race. These have been logical arguments intended to clarify the American situation. I have tried for a neutral tone, although, in fact, I approve of miscegenation and passing and any other thing that people do to make their lives work under harsh circumstances.

I always realize my privileged position. Yes, I’ve worked since I was eleven, I came up from a harsh and rustic environment, and I went to college on a scholarship that I earned by hard work. But if I had done all that, and had been born black, I would never have made it.

I don’t feel white guilt, but I feel an endless obligation to the men and women of all races who fought for civil rights, particularly to the black men and women who fought hardest and against the steepest odds; and an endless obligation to tell the truth through what I write.

93. Genesis of Race

          My well meaning California friends can’t understand why white supremacists actually believe what they believe. I have no problem understanding, because I grew up in the culture, or at least a watered down version of the culture. Maybe this will help them to see.
          As I’ve said before, don’t shoot the messenger. I’m just telling how it was. SL

I can’t tell you what it was like to be black in the fifties. I wasn’t there, and it isn’t my story to tell, anyway. I can tell you how Christian whites on the edge of the south justified their beliefs in white supremacy. I was there. Happily, I escaped.

First of all, the people I’m talking about also believed that God created the world in six days and rested on the seventh. Why? Because it’s in the Bible.

“God said it, I believe it, and that’s the end of it!”

These people also believed in the Flood. They didn’t enjoy knowing that God had killed off tens of thousands of people and millions of animals in the Flood, but they belived it.

My father believed all of the above, and believed that the separation of the races and the inferior position of blacks was God’s plan. I don’t think he was very comfortable with his understanding of race, but he wasn’t about to argue with God, just as he never yelled at God for drowning all those animals during the Flood.

The Flood, in fact, was where race began, since Adam and Eve were clearly both white. Here is the story of what happened, as told in Genesis. (King James version, of course. Chapter and verse given.)

{9:18} And the sons of Noah, that went forth of the ark, were Shem, and Ham, and Japheth: and Ham is the father of Canaan.

{9:19} These [are] the three sons of Noah: and of them was the whole earth overspread.

{9:20} And Noah began [to be] an husbandman, and he planted a vineyard:

{9:21} And he drank of the wine, and was drunken; and he was uncovered within his tent.

{9:22} And Ham, the father of Canaan, saw the nakedness of his father, and told his two brethren without.

{9:23} And Shem and Japheth took a garment, and laid [it] upon both their shoulders, and went backward, and covered the nakedness of their father; and their faces [were] backward, and they saw not their father’s nakedness.

{9:24} And Noah awoke from his wine, and knew what his younger son had done unto him.

{9:25} And he said, Cursed [be] Canaan; a servant of servants shall he be unto his brethren.

{9:26} And he said, Blessed [be] the LORD God of Shem; and Canaan shall be his servant.

{9:27} God shall enlarge Japheth, and he shall dwell in the tents of Shem; and Canaan shall be his servant.

That’s what it says. Here is how it was interpreted. Shem was the father of the white race. Jepheth was the father of the yellow race, including the Jews. Ham was the father of the black race. Ham came upon his father when he was naked and laughed at him. (I know, it doesn’t actually say that, but that was the belief.) Then Noah cursed Ham (after he sobered up) so that he and his children would always be subservient to the other races.

It was not necesary to feel guilty because blacks were in inferior positions. God did it through his prophet Noah. A man could say, “Don’t bother me about it; I don’t tell God what to do.”

Of course, the question we might ask today is: how many men believed in black inferiority reluctantly, out of  Christian faith, and how many used a qestionable interpretation to further their own ends. We will never have the answer to that question.

92. Don’t Shoot the Messenger

Last post I made the argument that racial mixing has been going on in America for nearly four hundred years, that whitish negroes have been passing for white and disappearing into the “white” population for almost that long, and that by now we are all one race.

We didn’t get that way by sitting in a circle, holding hands, and having pretty thoughts. We got that way by rape. Or at least by white men doing whatever they damn well pleased with black women, when it wasn’t illegal.

Slaves heading for America were chained naked and helpless below decks. The sailors were as horny as – sailors. You do the math. Logic suggests that miscegenation began before the slaves ever arrived in America.

Everyone secretly knows that, and pale black folks prove it. It will be harder to accept that the gene flow moved both ways, by means of even paler black folks.

There are two groups who will hate and resist this idea.

Whites.

And blacks.

I think the average “white” is likely to respond, “No way! I’m white and that’s all there is to it. So shut your mouth and crawl back under whatever rock you crawled out from!”

And the average “black” will probably respond, “So what? It makes no difference. I’m black, and you’re damned well not going to take that away from me.”

We have been living so long with the myth of two races that, biology notwithstanding, we have made it a cultural reality. And we have invested four hundred years of denial in making this non-existent difference the most important fact in our national life.

If I could disseminate the one race doctrine throughout America, all would be well.

Yeah, right!

Black-haters would disbelieve in their souls while paying lip service. They would say, “If we’re all one race, then there can be no such thing as a racially motivated crime.”

Don’t blame me when that happens.

The fact is that “blacks” and “whites” are different – culturally different, in the same way Mormons are different from Catholics, and Hindus are different from Jews. The fact that we all share the same gene pool doesn’t change that.

It is, however, the truth. And the truth is the only starting point for facing the future.

91. Redneck Granny

Your Redneck Granny is a Black Woman,
and she doesn’t even know it

That provocative phrase is a title I have planned for a future book.

Last post, I said, “ . . . white purity is not just endangered; it hasn’t existed for hundreds of years.” To turn that title and that notion into a book will take some research, but let’s look at the bare bones of the argument.

The first African slaves arrived in America in 1619. That’s 397 years ago. If we count twenty-five years as a generation, that’s 16 generations.

Now, lets look at you and your ancestors, assuming that you consider yourself white.

You had two parents (we’re speaking biologically here) and they had four parents and they had eight parents . . .; up the line 16 generations, that’s just under 33,000 ancestors. Counting all the ones it took to get back there, that about 65,000 folks who sent your DNA down the line.

What are the chances that not one of them was out of Africa?

Suppose one black woman was made pregnant by her master in the first generation. How many of her descendants would carry at least a trace of that DNA event?

Historically, women bore many children, and many of them died while young. Let’s say that the average woman had four children who lived long enough to have children of their own. That original black woman would have one billion, seventy three million, seven hundred forty one thousand, eight hundred twenty four partly white children, even if that was the only rape in the history of race relations.

And what are the chances that was the only rape? None. So much for black purity, but that isn’t any big secret. What about white purity?

How white do you have to be to pass for white? Three quarters? Seven eighths? How many generations does that take, particularly since the whiter a girl is, the more likely she is to be the object of a white man’s interest. Three generations at the most; and what are the chances that a whitish black girl would choose to pass if she could? Why wouldn’t she, if she could get away with it?

More math. Lets say that by 1700 (eighty years into the era of slavery), one hundred partially negro girls had passed for white. That’s not a big number to surmise. In fact, it’s ridiculously small. Let’s just look at that hypothetical hundred, and not consider for the moment all the blacks who passed subsequently.

Let’s give doubters no excuse for their doubts. Let’s say that these passing girls only averaged three children who went on to have children. That’s certainly an underestimation. Their descendants are boys and girls who are going to disappear into the white gene pool; who may not know, and whose descendants will never know, that they carry a partially  black genetic heritage. How many of that original one hundred could there be today?

6,710,886,400. Six billion, seven hundred ten million, eight hundred eighty six thousand, four hundred. Nearly as many as there are humans on the Earth.

That doesn’t count all the other blacks, male and female, who passed in the last four hundred years.

If big numbers don’t impress you, let’s make it personal.

Rhett Butler was partly black. Scarlet O’hara was partly black. Simon Legree was partly black.

You’re partly black. I’m partly black. And my relatives just disowned me.

That’s mighty white of them!

90. N Word, M Words

The N Word and the M Words

I was on the phone with a cousin back in Oklahoma recently. I mentioned that gay marriage, in my opinion, was like interracial marriage – something we would all look back on in a few years and ask ourselves what the fuss was all about.

She said that interracial marriage was still a big fuss in Oklahoma. Bear in mind she is my age, so she may not speak for the present generation.

It’s no fuss in California where I live now. Everywhere you look you see black-white couples, and that pleases me.

The continuing abhorrence of interracial marriage has two parts. It is a fear that a (perceived) bad thing has been made legal, and it is a refusal to admit that the (perceived) bad thing has been going on for a very long time.

Consider, when asked about how his book Huckleberry Finn was doing, Mark Twain said, “I feel like the lady felt when the child came out white.” (Bernard DeVoto. Mark Twain’s America) Really? A world of understanding is hidden in that seemingly simple statement.

How about the nigger in the woodpile? You’ve never heard that phrase? Then you don’t live anywhere near the South. You can Google it, but it won’t tell you much. You will find it used in an anti-Lincoln cartoon during his election bid, and you will find various definitions to the effect that it refers to something not being what it seems.

Fine, but why this particular phrase? Why is that legendary black man hiding in that woodpile near the back door of the big house? What are his intentions? (As if the snarky way I phrased that didn’t tell you.)

The internet won’t say, but I will. The answer lies in when the phrase is used. It is occasionally used to cover general sneakiness, but it is always used when a child doesn’t look like his father.

Hmmm. So that’s why that black guy was sneaking around the back door.

The great fear is that black men will do to white women what white men have been doing to black women for four hundered years. It has nothing to do with the M word (marriage) and everything to do with the other M word (miscegination).

That black feller in the woodpile helps whites laugh at the hidden realization that white purity is not just endangered; it hasn’t existed for hundreds of years.

89. Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner

You can learn a lot from television, if you are alert, and usually not what they want you expected.

My local oldies station has been running Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner incessantly for about a month. I’ve watched the whole thing several times and bits and pieces here and there as well. If you don’t remember the story, in 1967, a very handsome, very black man (Sidney Poitier) wants to marry a very pretty, very blonde white girl (Katherine Houghton). They spring this on her liberal parents and complications ensue.

I like the movie despite its obvious problems. I even forgive that it ends with a fifteen minute monolog by the grumpy, old white guy (Spencer Tracy), as he puts everybody else in their places.

The movie is dated and excessively, even simplistically, sweet. It is unrealistic that the black guy in question is such a moral superman and so terminally handsome. Never mind; the movie’s heart was in the right place and it probably did some good. And it was 1967, after all.

But there’s something else to be learned from this movie beyond what the producer intended. The next time you see it, take a look at Dorothy (no last name, played by Barbara Randolph), a minor character, assistant housekeeper and a drop-dead gorgeous black girl.

Or is she? Stand her up in your imagination half way between Poitier and Houghton. She is half as black as he is, and half as white as she is. How did that happen! And why do we accept her as black without even thinking about it?

The whole movie is based on the shock that everyone feels when Poitier and Houghton decide to marry, but no one even takes notice of the obvious product of four hundred years of interracial sex, married or otherwise, strutting her stuff in the background.

Hummmm!

88. John Henry

I have always wondered why John Henry is a folk hero.

Maybe it’s just a folk song. Maybe it isn’t supposed to make sense. I never worry about the fact that Stewball “never drank water, he only drank wine”; I do have a tendency to overthink things.

But let’s look at the facts. John Henry is big, strong, uneducated and very black. Symbolically black, even. As a ”little bitty baby” he picks up a hammer and accepts his fate. He works himself to death for white folks, while they stand around and bet against him. Then his wife takes over when he’s dead, and the story goes on unchanged.

Sounds pretty damned Jim Crow to me.

A technical point here, so it all makes sense. As a “steel drivin’ man”, John Henry is not spiking down rails to ties. He is digging tunnels. He is swinging a doublejack, a two handed medium weight sledge hammer. He is hitting a star drill, which is a steel rod about a yard long ending in a hardened cross bit. Every time John Henry hits the drill, another inch of rock is pulverized in the bottom of a hole. Between each stroke, his assistant turns the drill an eighth of a turn.

Men with John Henry’s job spent their days drilling holes in the face of a tunnel. Those holes were then filled with black powder or dynamite, depending on the era, and blasted. Then the drill men moved back in to do it all over again.

Imagine working in near darkness, covered with sweat and stone dust, breathing in the fumes from the last blast, damp and cold in winter, damp and hot in summer. Tough for John Henry; terrifying for his assistant, holding the drill steady, turning it only in that moment when the hammer is drawn back, and knowing that if John Henry ever misses, he’s dog meat.

It gets worse.

It is useful to those in power to have a large population of the powerless and hungry. Slaves fit that bill very well; so do new immigrants. Today we have the working poor, who are kept humble by the myth that if you can’t make it in America, it’s your own fault. You aren’t working hard enough (see post 5.).

Immediately after the Civil War, white southerners found a way to get back some of their power and some of their slaves. They simply arrested and imprisoned newly freed blacks, then rented them out. They invented the chain gang. If you are trying to find historical reasons why blacks fill our prisons and why our police are so often corrupt, chances are pretty good your research will lead you to those events.

What does this have to do with John Henry? In searching for the man behind the legend, writer Scott Reynolds Nelson’s* discoveries suggest that John Henry was one of these convict-slaves.

John Henry was a man who could not break his chains, but was still a man for all that. His status as a black hero makes sense.

Still . . ., if I were borrowing all this to make a story, I would rewrite it so that John Henry used his hammer to brain the overseer. But, of course, the real John Henry could never do that, and today’s black community would not accept such a cheap answer, or such an easy road to freedom. It would not match up with their own experiences.

History is usually uglier than anything we novelists can invent.

*Scott Reynolds Nelson. Steel Drivin’ Man: John Henry, the Untold Story of an American Legend.

87. Gemini

220px-Gemini_spacecraftToday I want to share with you a book you are unlikely to see. Few libraries have it and it commands unreasonable prices in used books stores. It’s writing style is not artistic. Yet it is a moving book, because of its subject, its author, and its timing. The book is Gemini, by Virgil “Gus” Grissom.

Every American knows something about Apollo. Most have at least heard of Mercury, but the Gemini program has been largely forgotten. That is reasonable enough; youth looks forward. At the time, however, Gemini saved America’s faith in the space program at a time when Soviet advances had made us look foolish and hopelessly outclassed.

Here is a brief summary for the terminally young: the Mercury program, consisting of two sub-orbital flights followed by four orbital flights, put America into space, but the one man capsules – not yet called spacecraft, for good reason – were largely occupied rather than flown. Gemini was a two man spacecraft which could change orbits, meet up with other orbiting objects, and was fully under control of its pilots.

If Mercury was a Volkswagen and Apollo was a Winnebago, Gemini was a sports car.

Mercury capsules had windows in the hatch, only placed there at astronaut insistance. Astronauts could look out, but not forward. Gemini’s viewports were moved to a front facing orientation, like the eyes of a predator. It’s pilots had to see where they were going, because they were actually flying their space craft.

For Apollo to do its job, NASA had to learn to rendezvous, dock, and perform EVAs (extra vehicular activities – space walks) and provide a cadre of astronauts who had proven their ability to do these things. That was the purpose of Gemini.

Grissom was the second American in space and the command pilot of the first manned Gemini mission. He provides a first hand look at the program through it’s brief five year span. The book was written just after the last Gemini flight.

Speaking of 1965, Grissom says: ”We had put ten men and five spacecraft into space and returned them safely, performed EVA, and achieved rendezvous. It was a pretty good record for a program that only two years before had appeared to be foundering.” Eventually sixteen astronauts flew on ten manned Gemini missions.

Grissom’s book is an excellent summary. His style charmingly represents a working astronaut who is not a writer. Nevertheless, the book is haunted. We know that, in the words of Grissom’s editor and friend Jacob Hay, “Within weeks after completing the first draft manuscript of this book, Lieutenant Colonel Virgil Ivan Grissom was dead, killed with his colleagues Lieutenant Colonel Edward M. White, and Lieutenant Commander Roger B. Chaffee, in a flash fire aboard the Apollo spacecraft they were scheduled to take aloft in its first manned flight on Feburary 21, 1967.”

The launchpad fire occurred on January 27, 1967, forty-nine years ago today. For details, see Jay Barbree’s Live from Cape Canaveral (2007), especially chapter nine, ”I’ve got a fire in the cockpit!” Also see post 27, That Was My Childhood.

The book Gemini would have been hard to read when it came out shortly after the fire. It is even harder to read today, given our understanding of the incompetence that led to the disaster. Knowing that the primary cause was flammable materials in an all oxygen atmosphere, it is hard to hear Gus admit that, “For their part, the medical people weren’t really entirely happy over out 100 per cent oxygen supply.”

Still – the book is joyful, and clearly written my a man who loved what he was doing. Gus says he was writing the book for his sons, and the sons and daughters of the other astronauts, and for other sons and daughters throughout America. He meant me (I was senior in high school when the book was published), and he meant you, whatever your age.

Grissom’s book Gemini is largely forgotten, but what he and his fellow astronauts did will not fade from our memories.

86. N——

Be sure to drop in to Serial where I am presenting a piece about a boy coming to grips with racism on the verge of the Civil War.

There it is, the N—– word. Everybody in America is afraid of it. When Paula Deen admitted using it during her youth (at a time when everybody in the South was using it freely), they almost crucified her. Granted, a lot of people were just waiting for a chance, but that was their excuse.

I could write it out plainly. It’s my blog; nobody is going to censor me. I feel a little foolish writing a letter followed by dashes, as if eveybody didn’t know what it meant. But if I spelled it out, I would feel like a little kid cussing in front of his parents, then pretending he didn’t know they were there.

I grew up whiter than white (see  posts 46. and 81.), in a black-free community. So how do you learn to hate or fear someone you never see?

Easy. You listen to your parents and their friends, and absorb their attitudes. I didn’t come to hate, in part because my parents didn’t hate. But they did fear.

Black folks seeking freedom during the sixties taught my mind and my heart not to fear them. But the gut takes longer. Forty years later I wrote a poem to confront the fear that lingered.

          Mother Tongue

               I saw a calf born.
His mother, in her need to clean him,
Knocked him over on his first rising,
And on his second rising.

In her need to make him safe,
she drove him to his knees.

               Words are like that –
A mother tongue that overwhelms us,
That makes us what we are,
and sometimes, what we should not be.

*****

When I see a black man, I hear “nigger”
Spoken sharply in my father’s voice.
I step back, my eyes grow tight,
Suspicion fires my blood,
And for one moment he is my enemy.

Then reason returns,
And I am shamed.

It is my father’s fear.
I would leave it in my father’s grave,
If I could . . .,  but I cannot!

I can only drive it down;
And bury it deep in shameful, hollow places.

If reading can remake our thoughts, writing can do even more. Making this poem a decade ago and facing my shame largely removed that inherited fear.

85. Why me?

I’m a white guy. You might ask, “What does a white guy know about Black history?” More to the point, “What right does he have to talk about it?” That’s a fair question.

You might also ask, why is a science fiction author writing a series of posts about race? Another fair question, and it has more than one answer.

I am a citizen, an observer, a teacher, a student of history and culture, and a writer on a number of subjects, and the current Serial demonstrates. It is largely coincidental that my novels so far published have been science fiction.

I grew up in a white town (see post 81.). For a lot of reasons, none of them having anything to do with race, I didn’t leave to go to college. I escaped to go to college. Once there I switched from biology to anthropology, which is, among other things, a study of the variety of lousy ways humans have treated each other. It is also a study of how groups form to manage that treatment, and how various ethnic groups interact, not according to reality, but according to how they are taught to see each other.

It sounded a lot like home.

Like any other human system of thought, anthropology has its core beliefs. Cultural relativism states that other cultures provide the for the needs of people in those cultures, and those cultures don’t need to be changed by the hand of imperialistic countries like Britain and America.

Fair enough. However, the norms of those cultures are often a set of rules designed to maintain the perks of the powerful. The groups who are contending for power are often defined by ethnic identities, and those definitions often have little to do with historical reality.

Again, a lot like home.

One non-mainstream anthropologist explained it this way. In exchanges in an South Asian village, the farming castes gives food to their landlords, and in return get the benefit of not being hit on the head by a club.

Okay, not like America this year, but a lot like the South in 1840.

I spent four years at two institutions studying South Asia and South Asians in overseas colonies. My first MA was on caste based economic interactions. Years later, while writing, I returned to college for a second BA and MA in history, concentrating on Britain and America in the last three hundred years.

But I’m not black! I am more than aware of that “deficiency” and I would never think that I understand black perspectives from the inside. However, there will be innumerable black people writing this season; they will tell their story, as they should.

My outsider’s perspective will also be valid.